First world, third world. What makes the difference? It’s much less a matter of geography than you may think. Sure, you can spot lots of first world countries geographically: the U.S., the European Union, the British Commonwealth countries, Japan, several others. But that’s far from all there is to it.
In practical terms, in the first world, things work, and there is a reasonable expectation that they will continue to do so (hence our impatience when they occasionally or, sometimes, routinely, don’t). When you flip on the light switch, the light comes on. The refrigerator, plugged in, keeps your food in cold storage around the clock (assuming you’ve paid the bill). Sometimes,of course, extraordinary things happen that can disrupt our lives: major hurricanes and tornadoes, strokes of lightning, trees falling on the roof, record snowfall or freezes taking down wires and trees, breaking water mains that freeze and cause car crashes — but by and large, things work, and work as we expect them to.
Why is that? Because an infrastructure — don’t you love that word and its overuse — has been built up over the years: electrical power grids, natural gas pipelines, interstate highway systems, railways and public transit, subways and buses, local shopping malls, systems of building codes and inspectors to enforce them, and licensing of skilled craftspeople (electricians, plumbers, and others) whose licenses depend on their working according to the established codes. Also: fire and police and paramedics, systems of public education through university level educating and training a workforce, public libraries (often woefully underused but nearly irreplaceable once gone), private versions of schools and libraries, a scientific community (now world-wide), a huge number of companies and businesses, large and small, that offer employment in their attempts to generate a profit. Also: broadcast and cable networks, wireless networks for phones and computers, satellites for communication, weather, observation and GPS. Also: safe municipal and regional water systems, sanitary sewage treatment, farming and agriculture, food picking and processing (canning, freezing, boxing up, packing for shipment), trucking and distribution (there are those interstate highways again), gas and oil refinement and distribution. And I’m sure you could think of more, many more.
None of these things work absolutely perfectly. Some of them could be much improved. Accidents and delays happen, and much worse. But our expectation is always that the infrastructure is and will be in place, and, in the first world, that it will work. It works so well we don’t even think about it…
…until one day it doesn’t work, through accident, carelessness, neglect, or greed: those massive layoffs and cutbacks leading to job loss and, too often, foreclosure, sometimes even homelessness, or severe or chronic illness draining all family money: we’ve seen too much of it in the last decade. Or a toxic spill or leak covers acres or square miles of land or of water. Or, on a lesser scale, the local water company has to lay new pipe or repair a major leak, and the water’s off for a day, or several days in a row, while they do it. Or the local electrical substation is hit by lightning and lights (and refrigerators) go out over a large area. The price of infrastructure is eternal upkeep and fast recovery.
In the third world, this expectation of things working, and the ability to take them for granted and get on with the rest of your life, is stood on its head. Everything is ad hoc. The business of the day, every day, is survival. Life is much more of a do-it-yourself project down to the smallest degree. You may have to build your own house or shelter from whatever materials you can find, make, trade for, or (if you must) buy from whoever is selling or leaving them behind. Perhaps you can generate or share with someone else, or a nearby power line. You may have to find and haul your own water. If you are lucky, there is a pump somewhere within reasonable walking distance: grab your can or pail and get started.
The infrastructure the first world has come to expect is what is missing.
Why don’t the third world countries have infrastructures of the type seen in the first world? In practical terms, it takes a very long time and work and, over time, significant amounts of money to build up infrastructure. The interstate highway system here didn’t get built until after WWII. Roads had to be extended to reach new towns and developments, with intersections, overpasses, tunnels, cloverleafs, even (sigh) roundabouts. The railroads were built in the 19th century. Systems of growing food and moving it to market have always had to be in place, locally at first, extending and developing over time and taking advantage of new transportation opportunities (rail, rivers, highways, etc.) as they became available. Hubs of activity sprang up (Chicago as butcher to the world, with ranchers driving their cattle to railheads where they could be taken there — what would Western movies have done without the cattle drive and the rustlers?). The United States has slowly been building and consolidating its infrastructure since it was founded; Europe and other parts of the world have been doing so far longer. (Americans who visit London notice that all the buildings there are stone or brick, thanks to lessons learned in the Great Fire, and as they come back to this country by air after a week there they see all the wooden frame houses and buildings here that, to their London-accustomed eyes, now look as though they were put up yesterday and may blow down in a high wind tomorrow.)
My point is, it all has to be put in place over many years, with huge amounts of money paid out to get it done, for all that time. Whether it’s private money or public money, it takes a lot of money. Younger, third world countries trying to catch up in a few years to a process that has been going on for centuries elsewhere is a little like someone saying they plan to be a millionaire by the time they are forty — but announcing that goal when they are already 38 years old. It can be done, and I hope for success, but it’s not easy to do, and may take longer than anyone wants it to. As I understand it, the undeveloped countries with natural resources are selling them off to developed countries, many of them, to raise the money to develop their countries. And many countries already have development projects and plans underway —and have for some time — that are well on their way to achieving their goals.
I have purposely avoided talking about history or politics (always wise) or even, gasp, economics in any detail. I make no mention of colonization, exploitation, racism, religious or ethnic intolerance, civil wars, killings and assassinations — why should I? These are all things that have happened in my own country. But I have lived in the third world as a Peace Corps volunteer (long ago and far away) and I have lived the rest of my life in the first world, so I know at least a little of both.
I can only hope that we find a way for everyone to live peaceably and safely and well, and save our over-populated and over-exploited planet Earth as we do, for the benefit of ourselves and our children and grandchildren — and their chldren, too.